A. Herring, OSU, uses tomography at 13 BMD to quantify pore scale trapping and to analyze how mechanisms affect the efficiency of capillary trapping of CO2 in saline aquifers.

Tomography at 13 BMD

Diffraction pattern of ice-VII in diamond M57666 from Orapa

Scientists carrying out research at GSECARS discovered the first direct evidence that fluid water pockets may exist as far as 500 miles deep into the Earth’s mantle Pockets of water may lay deep below Earth’s surface

Unique Diamond Impurities Indicate Water Deep in Earth's Mantle

X-ray diffraction patterns from a diamond anvil cell (DAC).

X-ray diffraction is the most powerful technique for crystal structure determination. From left to right, patterns from a single crystal, polychrystalline, nano-cyrstalline and amorphous crystals.

X-ray diffraction patterns from a diamond anvil cell.

High pressure x-ray tomographic microscopy module

The HPXTM module helps researchers study the texture change of their sample under extreme pressure and temperature conditions by collecting in-situ HP/HT 3D x-ray tomographic images.

High Pressure X-ray Tomographic Microscopy Module sitting outside of the 250 ton press in 13 BMD.

GSECARS hosts experiments at 13 IDE for high school students in the Exemplary Student Research Program (ESRP) representing local area high schools. GSECARS Outreach

GSECARS Outreach

GSECARS is a national user facility
for frontier research in the earth sciences using synchrotron radiation at the
Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory.

GSECARS provides earth scientists with access to the high-brilliance hard x-rays from this third-generation synchrotron light source. All principal synchrotron-based analytical techniques in demand by earth scientists are being brought to bear on earth science problems:

  • High-pressure/high-temperature crystallography and spectroscopy using the diamond anvil cell
  • High-pressure/high-temperature crystallography and imaging using the large-volume press
  • Powder, single crystal and interface diffraction
  • Inelastic x-ray scattering
  • X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy
  • X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis
  • Microtomography

► GSECARS Benchtop SEM

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GSECARS now has a JEOL Neoscope 6000PLUS scanning electron microscope available to GSECARS users in support of beamline experiments. Users interested in using the SEM should:

1) Submit an ESAF for use of the SEM or, if you have beamtime scheduled at GSECARS, make sure you note use of the SEM in your experiment ESAF. All materials intended to be examined must be listed and pre-approved.
2) Check with beamline staff to make sure the date for use is available and to have the time reserved on the SEM schedule. All use must be scheduled.
3) Prior to use, all operators MUST be trained by beamline staff on use of the instrument, must have read the available Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the instrument and certify they understand the SOP and agree to fully comply with the stated procedures. Click for SOP.

For information, please contact :
Tony Lanzirotti, lanzirotti@uchicago.edu.

► GSECARS Raman Lab

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Users interested in using the GSE Raman Lab:

1) Fill out the Raman Lab Reservation Form.
2) Check to make sure the date is available (multiple users may be able to use the system on the same day)             Raman Lab Calendar
3) Submit an ESAF for use of the GSE Raman Lab or if you have beamtime at GSECARS, make sure you note use of Raman Lab in your experiment ESAF.         

For information, please contact :
Vitali Prakapenka, prakapenka@cars.uchicago.edu
Eran Greenberg, erangre@gmail.com

Raman Lab Documentation
 

  

► Science Highlights

► Researchers at 13 IDE, lead by Guilherme Gualda from Vanderbilt University, looked into understanding magma body organization and evolution with time which may ultimately be relevant to hazard assessment.

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CL image and Ti map shown in (A) demonstrate the correlation between CL intensity and Ti contents in quartz when there are large changes in CL; it can be seen that CL images capture the zoning in more detail, justifying the use of CL images for crystallization time and growth rate determination.

Abstract : Very large eruptions (>50 km3) and supereruptions (>450 km3) reveal Earth’s capacity to produce and store enormous quantities (>1000 km3) of crystal-poor, eruptible magma in the shallow crust. We explore the interplay between crustal evolution and volcanism during a volcanic flare-up in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ, New Zealand) using a combination of quartz-feldspar-melt equilibration pressures and time scales of quartz crystallization. Over the course of the flare-up, crystallization depths became progressively shallower, showing the gradual conditioning of the crust. Yet, quartz crystallization times were invariably very short (<100 years), demonstrating that very large reservoirs of eruptible magma were transient crustal features. We conclude that the dynamic nature of the TVZ crust favored magma eruption over storage. Episodic tapping of eruptible magmas likely prevented a supereruption. Instead, multiple very large bodies of eruptible magma were assembled and erupted in decadal time scales.

Gualda, G.A.R., Gravely, D.M., Hollman, B., Pamukcu, A.S., Begue, F., Ghiorso, M.S., Deering, C.D., (2018) Climbing the crustal ladder : Magma storage-depth evolution dueing a volvcanic flare-up. Sci. Adv. 4, eaap 7567 DOI : 10.1126/sciadv.aap7567

► Researchers at 13 IDC investigate the impact of environmental release of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on ecosystems.

 

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Schematic explanation of LP-XSW-FY data reduction and analysis.

Environmental significance
Among the various types of nanoparticles (NPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in everyday products and thus, they are present in the
environment. Due to their size and composition, they may be harmful to soil and aquatic ecosystems. Mineral surfaces, whether covered or not by biofilms,
are key to the fate and biogeochemistry of NPs as the solution/biofilm/mineral interface is highly reactive. For the first time, we quantified the distribution
of AgNPs at this interface and showed that depending on the type of coating, the AgNP percentage found in biofilms varied from 5% to 35%. Our results
highlight for the first time the importance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions within the biofilm and secondly the control of the type of coating
on their behavior in natural ecosystems.

Desmau, M., Gelabert, A., Levard, C., Ona-Nguema, G., Vidal, V., Stubbs, J.E., Eng, P.J., Benedetti, M.F. (2018) Silver nanoparticles dynamics at the solution/biofilm/mineral interface.  Environ. Sci.: Nano. 5: 2394-2405. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00331A

► X-ray diffraction at 13 BMC monitored the hydrothermal precipitation of akaganeite
(β-FeOOH) and its transformation to hematite
(Fe2O3) in situ

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13 BMC Experimental Setup at APS. (a) The X-ray beam is aimed at the base of the capillary (b), which is tilted at 60° from the horizontal
plane. (c) Area detector. (d) The forced gas heater is positioned beneath the
capillary.

K.M.Peterson (Heriot Watt University), P. J. Heaney and J.E. Post (Penn State) used TR-XRD to track the hydrothermal nucleation and growth of akaganeite and its transformation to hematite during in situ experiments between 100 and 200 °C. Abstract : Akaganeite was the only phase that formed at 100 °C. Rietveld analyses revealed that the akaganeite unit-cell volume contracted until the onset of dissolution, and subsequently expanded. This reversal at the onset of dissolution was associated with a substantial and rapid increase in occupancy of the Cl site, perhaps by OH− or Fe3+. Rietveld analyses supported the incipient formation of an OH-rich, Fe-deficient hematite phase in experiments between 150 and 200 °C. The inferred H concentrations of the first crystals were consistent with “hydrohematite.” With continued crystal growth, the Fe occupancies increased. Contraction in both a- and c-axes signaled the loss of hydroxyl groups and formation of a nearly stoichiometric hematite.

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Representative time series of X-ray diffraction patterns collected at 150 °C. Akaganeite peaks are colored pink, and hematite peaks are colored blue.

Peterson, K., Heaney, P., & Post, J. Evolution in the structure of akaganeite and hematite during hydrothermal growth: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. Powder Diffraction, 1-11. doi:10.1017/S0885715618000623